IGBO
Igbo people, also referred to
as the Ibo(e), Ebo(e), Eboans or Heebo (Igbo: Ndị Igbọ)
are an ethnic group living chiefly in southeastern Nigeria. They speak Igbo,
which includes various Igboid
languages and dialects; today, a majority of them speak English alongside Igbo as a result of British
colonialism. Igbo people are one of the largest and most influential
ethnic groups in Nigeria. Due to
the effects of migration and
the Atlantic slave trade, there are descendant
ethnic Igbo populations in countries such as Cameroon and Equatorial
Guinea, as well as outside Africa. Their exact population outside
Africa is unknown, but today many African
Americans and Afro
Caribbeans are of Igbo
descent. In rural areas in Africa, the Igbo are mostly farmers. Their most
important crop is the yam;
celebrations are held annually to celebrate its harvesting. Other staple crops include cassava and taro.
Before British colonialism,
the Igbo were a politically fragmented group. There were variations in culture
such as in art styles, attire and religious practices. Various subgroups were
organized by clan, lineage, village affiliation, and dialect. There were not
many centralized chiefdoms, hereditary
aristocracy, or kingship customs except in kingdoms such as those of the Nri, Arochukwu, Agborand Onitsha. This political system changed
significantly under British colonialism in the 19th century; Eze (kings) were introduced into most
local communities by Frederick
Lugard as
"Warrant Chiefs". The
Igbo became overwhelmingly Christian under colonization. Chinua Achebe's Things Fall
Apart is one of
the most popular novels to depict Igbo culture and changes under colonialism.
By the mid-20th century, the Igbo people developed a strong
sense of ethnic identity. Certain
conflicts with other Nigerian ethnicities led to the Igbo-dominant Eastern
Nigeria seceding from
Nigeria to create the independent state of Biafra. The Nigerian-Biafran war (6 July 1967 – 15 January 1970) broke
out shortly after. With their defeat, the Republic of Biafra was reabsorbed
into Nigeria. MASSOB, a sectarian
organization formed in 1999, continues a non-violent struggle for an
independent Igbo state
YORUBA
The Yoruba
people (Yorùbá in Yoruba orthography)
are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa.
The majority of the Yoruba speak the Yoruba
language (Yoruba: èdèe Yorùbá; èdè). The Yoruba constitute between 30 and 50 million
individuals throughoutWest Africa and are found predominantly in Nigeria and
make up around 21% of its population.
The
Yoruba share borders with the Borgu (variously called "Baruba" and
"Borgawa") in the northwest; the Nupe (whom they often
call "Tapa") and Ebira in the north; and the Edo,
the Ẹsan,
and the Afemai to
the southeast. The Igala and other related groups are found in the
northeast, and the Egun, Fon,
and others in the southwest. The Itsekiri who live in the north-west Niger
delta, are closely related to the Yoruba but maintain a distinct cultural
identity. While the majority of the Yoruba live in western Nigeria, there are
also substantial indigenous Yoruba communities in the Republic of
Benin and Togo, plus large groups of Yoruba migrants living in the United States and
the United Kingdom. The Yoruba population was also
involved in slavery and were taken to the Americas, where they form a large
diaspora.
Yoruba
settlements are often described as primarily one or more of the main social
groupings called "generations":
§ The "first generation" includes towns and cities
known as original capitals of founding Yoruba states/kingdoms.
§ The "second generation" consists of settlements
created by conquest.
§ The "third generation" consists of villages and
municipalities that emerged following the Yoruba wars.
HAUSA
The Hausa are
one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa. They are a Sahelian people
chiefly located in northern Nigeria or
southeastern Niger, but having
significant numbers living in regions of Cameroon, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Chad or Sudan. Predominantly
Hausa communities are scattered throughout West Africa and on the traditional Hajj route
across the Sahara Desert, especially around the town of Agadez. A few Hausa have
moved to large coastal cities in the region such as Lagos, Accra, Kumasi and Cotonou, as well as to
countries such as Libya. However, most
Hausa remain in small villages or towns, where they grow crops or raise
livestock, including cattle. They speak the Hausa language, an Afro-Asiatic language of the Chadic group.
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